Narges Fakhari; Morteza Latifian; Jalil Etemd
Volume 4, Issue 15 , April 2014, , Pages 35-58
Abstract
Background: Executive skills are high-level cognitive skills helping children with their daily activities and learning assignments. Objective: The present paper aims to study the validity and reliability of the Executive Skills Scale for pre-school children. Method: The study was a descriptive research. ...
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Background: Executive skills are high-level cognitive skills helping children with their daily activities and learning assignments. Objective: The present paper aims to study the validity and reliability of the Executive Skills Scale for pre-school children. Method: The study was a descriptive research. Using cluster sampling method, 250 subjects (including 150 female and 100 male subjects) were selected from among pre-school children in Isfahan, and their mothers responded to the Executive Skills Scale items. The validity of the scale was evaluated with content validity, item analysis (item–total correlations), and factor analysis. The reliability of the mentioned questionnaire was studied through Cronbach’s alpha and split–half reliability. Results: The results showed that item-total correlation coefficients were significant in all cases, varying from 0.21 to 0.81. (P=0.0001). Moreover, using Cronbach’s alpha, the reliability of the whole scale was calculated as 0.75. Also, the split-half reliability was computed to be 0.80. Conclusion: The results indicated that the Executive Skills Scale is of acceptable psychometric properties to be used for the Iranian pre-school children.
jalil etemad; bahram jow kaar
Abstract
Background: The feeling of shame is one of the most important moral self- conscious emotions which play a major role in interpersonal relationships and social adjustment. Therefore, it seems essential to provide instruments to measure this structure. Purpose: The present paper aims to provide the necessary ...
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Background: The feeling of shame is one of the most important moral self- conscious emotions which play a major role in interpersonal relationships and social adjustment. Therefore, it seems essential to provide instruments to measure this structure. Purpose: The present paper aims to provide the necessary preliminaries in order to use Shame Scale designed by Rizvi (2009) among Iranian university students. Method: In order to assess the validity of the scale, first, it was made sure that the data were normally distributed. Then, factor analysis with original components and varimax rotation method was used to discover factor structure. The correlation between this scale and other valid scales of measuring self-conscious emotions of shame was used as convergent validity and its correlation with happiness scale was used as divergent validity. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was also used to measure the scale reliability through the method of the internal consistency of items. Participants in this study were 231 university students (female=134 & male= 97) of Shiraz University and Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. Results: The results indicated that shame scale in Iranian population has a multiple-factor structure called ‘moral transgression' and ‘self-inadequacy’. The correlation between this scale and the self-conscious emotions scale indicated that Rizvi’s shame scale has a convergent validity. Moreover, the relation with happiness scale was used as the divergent validity index. The results were indicative of the fact that unlike two other components, moral transgression component did not have a significant relation with happiness. Furthermore, a comparison between boys’ and girls’ scores showed that females had higher scores in some components. Conclusion: In sum, results of this study confirmed convergent validity, divergent validity, and internal consistency of the scale suitable to be used in Iran. The shame scale being culture- dependent was discussed with regard to the results.
